LPIC-1 / Linux+ Cheat Sheet
- LX0-101
- LX0-102

LPIC-1 / Linux+ Cheat Sheet

LX0-101

101 System Architecture 14%

101.1 Determine and Configure hardware settings (LCN-3 CTL-3)

Enable and disable integrated peripherals
Configure systems with or without external peripherals such as keyboards
Differentiate between the various types of mass storage devices
Set the correct hardware ID for different devices, especially the boot device
Know the differences between coldplug and hotplug devices
Determine hardware resources for devices
Tools and utilities to list various hardware information (e.g., lsusb, lspci, etc.)
Tools and utilities to manipulate USB devices
Conceptual understanding of sysfs, udev, hald, dbus
Terms: /sys, /proc, /dev, modprobe, lsmod, lspci, lsusb

Notes

BIOS - Basic I/O System - systim init, memory testing, low-level system-config, OS boot order (CD, floppy, HD, PXE), internal HW clock
/proc fs is kernel's status repository: interrupts, dma, ioports
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
- lsusb [-t] [-vv] - t-tree view, vv-very verbose
- Open Host Controller Interface (OHCI) - USB 1.1
- Universal Host Controller Interface (UHCI) - USB 1.1 - 12 MBps - low+full speed
- Enhanced Host Controller Interface (EHCI) - USB 2.0 - 480 MBps - high speed
- Extensible Host Controller Interface (XHCI) - USB 3.0 - 4 GBps - super speed
- Wireless Host Controller Interface (WHCI) - Wireless USB 1.0 - 480 MBps
- Effective speed is lowest speed of device, cable and hub
- Classes of USB devices :
  - Human Interface Device (HID) - Input devices: mice, keyboards, etc.)
  - Communications device - Modems
  - Mass storage device - Disk devices, flash readers, etc.
  - Audio - Sound devices
  - IrDA - Infrared devices
  - Printer - Printers and USB-to-parallel cables
- Linux kernel supported USB in v2.3.x, backported to 2.2.18
- Linux drivers may be host controller drivers (e.g. usb-ohci.o), class drivers (e.g. hid.o, usb-storage.o, printer.o, audio.o) or device-specific drivers
- usbcore.o → host controller driver → class/device driver
- Modularized USB drivers are loaded by the generic /sbin/hotplug kernel support
lsdev - shows hardware including IRQ info, I/O ports and DMA channels
lspci [-t] [-vv] - info about system’s PCI buses and installed PCI devices
A module is dynamically linked into the running kernel when it is loaded
- insmod/rmmod - insert/remove mocule, no dependency checking
- modprobe [-r] [-a] [-t type] - list, insert or remove modules. Does dependency checking.
- lsmod - list modules modinfo module-object-file.o - info about a module file
sysfs is a RAM-based filesystem derived from ramfs. It provides a means to export kernel data structures to user space. mount -t sysfs sysfs /sys
The udev process uses sysfs info to create dynamic device files as kernel modules are loaded. /etc/udev.d holds rules to be applied when adding or removing a device.
D-Bus is an IPC system that uses sysfs to implement a message bus daemon used for broadcasting system events e.g.“new device added” or “printer queue changed”.
hal was a hw abstraction layer (hw access API) on top of udev using D-Bus. It has been deprecated and rolled into udev and the kernel.

101.2 Boot the System (LCN-4 CTL-5)

Provide common commands to the boot loader and options to the kernel at boot time
Demonstrate knowledge of the boot sequence from BIOS to boot completion
Check boot events in the log file
Terms: /var/log/messages, dmesg, BIOS, bootloader, kernel, init

Notes

Boot Loader (LILO or GRUB) launches the linux kernel, passing kernel parameters if needed (/etc/lilo.conf | /boot/grub/menu.lst | /boot/grub/grub.conf)
Module options (as well as aliases and post-install and pre-remove actions) are stored in /etc/modules.conf .
dmesg displays kernel messages logged at last system boot.
/var/log/messages contains all syslog messages.

101.3 Change runlevels and shutdown or reboot system (LCN-4 CTL-5)

Set the default run level
Change between run levels including single user mode
Shutdown and reboot from the command line
Alert users before switching run levels or other major system events
Properly terminate processes
Knowledge of basic features of systemd and Upstart
Terms: /etc/inittab, shutdown, init, /etc/init.d, telinit

Notes

When linux boots, first process is the init process which selects and switches to default runlevel.
Runlevels - 0=shutdown, 1/s/S=single-user_maintenance, 2=multi-user, 3=multi-user_no-X, 5=multi-user_with-X 6=reboot
On Debian, 2 is default and 3,5 are not used. On Redhat, 3 is the default.
/etc/rc script to change runlevels on redhat (also init/telinit script)
/etc/rc.sysinit (Redhat) or /etc/init.d/rcS (Debian) - system init script launched by init before system daemons
/etc/rc.local- local startup actions called at end of startup
/etc/init.d contains startup/shutdown scripts for all system services
/etc/rc0.d - /etc/rc6.d contain softlinks KNNservice or SNNservice specifying whether to start or stop services and in what order for that runlevel (done by init process). Kills done before starts.
/etc/inittab contains “id:N:initdefault:” for default runlevel N
runlevel shows current and previous runlevel
shutdown [options] time [warning message] - -f=fastboot -h=halt -r=reboot -F=force-startup-checks -k=just-send-warning . Time is “now” or “+N” in N minutes or absolute time e.g. 23:58.

102 Installation and Package Management 18%

102.1 Design hard disk layout (LCN-5 CTL-3)

Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks
Tailor the design to the intended use of the system
Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting
Knowledge of basic features of LVM
Terms: / (root) filesystem, /var filesystem, /home filesystem, swap space, mount points, partitions

Notes

choosing a disk layout for linux depends on amount of disk space, purpose of the system, size of the system and backup strategy. Some general guidelines are
- If diskspace is limited, just /boot, / and /swap
- /boot is a separate 50MB partition because older kernels/BIOS require kernels under a 1024 cylinder limit.
- For larger systems keep / smaller/simpler to reduce risk of corruption.
- Can use separate partitions for /var (to isolate system logs), /tmp (to isolate tempfiles), /home (for backup and RAIDing of user's data)
- Using a separate partition for /usr allows it to be shared via read-only NFS which allows for saving space and easier maintenance of apps/updates.
Superblock on filesystem contains critical metadata so multiple redundant copies are kept.
Filesystems must be mounted (listed in filesystem table) before being accessible. /etc/fstab is a list of filesystems to mount on boot up.
Master Boot Record on first 512 bytes of first sector of disk contains info on partitions and bootup. Can be backed up and restored with
```
dd if=/dev/hda of=~/mbr.txt count=1 bs=512
dd if=~/mbr.txt of=/dev/hda count=1 bs=512
```

To backup/restore just the partition layout, use sfdisk

sfdisk -d /dev/hda > partition_backup.txt
sfdisk /dev/hda < partition_backup.txt

Linux may also be booted from Live USB which allows for persistent modifications. If the BIOS does nto support this, a bootable CD can be used first.
Swap space allows main memory to be temporarily copied to disk. As a starting point set swap to twice the memory size (at least the same size).

102.2 Install a boot manager (LCN-5 CTL-5)

Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options
Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy
Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2
Interact with the boot loader
Terms: /boot/grub/menu.lst, grub.cfg and other variations, grub-install, MBR, superblock

Notes

BIOS looks for and runs boot loader from first specified boot device.
Boot loader find and loads specified kernel (with specified kernel options) which loads required modules and starts system processes.
LILO is a 2-stage program
- First stage is in 512-byte MBR or in the boot sector of a partition (if it is a secondary boot loader).
- Second stage is in /boot/boot.b .
- Map file locating kernel is in /boot/map
- lilo command reads /etc/lilo.conf which contains kernel image locations, kernel options, the default boot disk etc. It encodes this information along with physical disk information and writes it into the boot files (MBR/boot-sector, boot.b and map).
GRUB is a multi-stage boot loader, more flexible than LILO.
- Changes take effect immediately.
- (hd0,1) → 2nd partition on the 1st hard disk. Refers only to the order of the disks as seen by the BIOS so order may change if BIOS boot order is changed.
- grub-install writes to MBR/boot sector. Uses/boot/grub/device.map to map BIOS drives to Linux devices e.g. “(hd0) /dev/sda”.
- Grub command-line expects a specific order of commands to boot kernel
```
grub> root (hd0,0)
grub> kernel /vmlinuz-2.4.18-14 ro root=/dev/hda2
grub> initrd /initrd-2.4.18-14.img  [optional]
grub> boot
```

102.3 Manage shared libraries (LCN-5 CTL-2)

Identify shared libraries
Identify the typical locations of system libraries
Load shared libraries
Terms: ldd, ldconfig, /etc/ld.so.conf, LD_LIBRARY_PATH

Notes

Most programs on Linux use common system libraries.
These can be statically linked into the program at compile-time - more disk, more memory, slower.
Or can be dynamically loaded at runtime (shared libraries) - shared memory, smaller disksize, faster.
ldd can be used to display required shared libraries for an executable
Dynamically linked executables are examined at runtime by the shared object dynamic linker, ld.so
ldconfig reloads shared library paths from /etc/ld.so.conf to update binary cache /etc/ld.so.cache
$LD_LIBRARY_PATH env variable can also be used

102.4 Use Debian package management (LCN-5 CTL-2)

Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages
Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed
Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed)
Terms: /etc/apt/sources.list, dpkg, dpkg-reconfigure, apt-get, apt-cache, aptitude

Notes

.deb package names - pkgname_version-revision_arch.deb . version is typically major.minor.patchlevel e.g ncurses4_4.2.3-9_i386.deb
dpkg operates directly on .deb packages
- uses /var/lib/dpkg/[available|status] files to store metadata
- -i=install -r=remove –purge=purge
- -E=do not overwrite with same version or older
- -G=do not overwrite with older package version
- -l=list matching installed packages -L=list files from package
- -s=status of package -S=search for file in installed packages
apt-get uses package names and sources and resolves dependencies
- -d=download only -s=simulate -y=assume yes
- install, remove, update (sources), upgrade (all packages), dist-upgrade (to new OS version)
- uses /etc/apt/sources.list. Lines look like
```
 deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free
```
dselect is a menu-based interface to dpkg
alien converts other package types to .deb packages (or to rpm with -r) e.g. Slackware/generic tarball, RPM . alien -i x.rpm

102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management (LCN-5 CTL-2)

Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM and YUM
Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures
Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from
Terms: rpm, rpm2cpio, /etc/yum.conf, /etc/yum.repos.d/, yum, yumdownloader

103 GNU / Unix Commands 43%

103.1 Work on the command line (LCN-6 CTL-1)

Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line
Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables
Use and edit command history
Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path
Terms: ., bash, echo, env, exec, export, pwd, set, unset, man, uname, history

103.2 Process text streams using filters (LCN-6 CTL-1)

Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output
Using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package
Terms: cat, cut, expand, fmt, head, od, join, nl, paste, pr, sed, sort, split, tail, tr, unexpand, uniq, wc

103.3 Perform basic file management (LCN-6 CTL-4)

Copy, move and remove files and directories individually
Copy multiple files and directories recursively
Remove files and directories recursively
Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands
Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time
Usage of tar, cpio, and dd
Terms: cp, find, mkdir, mv, ls, rm, rmdir, touch, tar, cpio, dd, file, gzip, gunzip, bzip2, file globbing

103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects (LCN-6 CTL-1)

Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error
Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command
Use the output of one command as arguments to another command
Send output to both stdout and a file
Terms: tee, xargs

103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes (LCN-6 CTL-2)

Run jobs in the foreground and background
Signal a program to continue running after logout
Monitor active processes
Select and sort processes for display
Send signals to processes
Terms: &, bg, fg, jobs, kill, nohup, ps, top, free, uptime, killall

103.6 Modify process execution priorities (LCN-6 CTL-2)

Know the default priority of a job that is created
Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default
Change the priority of a running process
Terms: nice, ps, renice, top

103.7 Search text files using regular expressions (LCN-6 CTL-1)

Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements
Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities: grep, egrep, fgrep, sed, regex(7)

103.8 Perform basic file editing operations using vi (LCN-6 CTL-5)

Navigate a document using vi
Use basic vi modes
Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text
Terms: vi, /, ?, h, j, k, l, i, o, a, c, d, p, y, dd, yy, ZZ, :w!, :q!, :e!

104 Devices, Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy 25%

104.1 Create partitions and filesystems (LCN-7 CTL-3)

Use various mkfs commands to set up partitions and create various filesystems such as: ext2, ext3, xfs, reiserfs v3, vfat
Terms: fdisk, mkfs, mkswap

104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems (LCN-7 CTL-3)

Verify the integrity of filesystems
Monitor free space and inodes
Repair simple filesystem problems
Terms: du, df, fsck, e2fsck, mke2fs, debugfs, dumpe2fs, tune2fs, xfs tools (such as xfs_metadump and xfs_info)

104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems (LCN-7 CTL-3)

Manually mount and unmount filesystems
Configure filesystem mounting on bootup
Configure user mountable removeable filesystems
Terms: /etc/fstab, /media, mount, umount

104.4 Manage disk quotas (LCN-7 CTL-4)

Set up a disk quota for a filesystem
Edit, check and generate user quota reports
Terms: quota, edquota, repquota, quotation

104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership (LCN-7 CTL-4)

Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories
Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security
Know how to change the file creation mask
Use the group field to grant file access to group members
Terms: chmod, umask, chown, chgrp

104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links (LCN-7 CTL-4)

Create links
Identify hard and/or soft links
Copying versus linking files
Use links to support system administration tasks
Terms: ln

104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location (LCN-7 CTL-4)

Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS
Find files and commands on a Linux system
Know the location and propose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS
Terms: find, locate, updatedb, whereis, which, type, /etc/updatedb.conf

LX0-102

105 Shells, Scripting and Data Management 17%

105.1 Customize and use the shell environment (LCN-13 CTL-9)

Set environment variables (e.g., PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell
Write BASH functions for frequently used sequences of commands
Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts
Set command search path with the proper directory
Terms: /etc/profile, env, export, set, unset, ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, ~/.profile, ~/.bashrc, ~/.bash_logout, function, alias, lists

105.2 Customize or write simple scripts (LCN-13 CTL-9)

Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests)
Use command substitution
Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command
Perform conditional mailing to the superuser
Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line
Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts
Terms: for, while, test, if, read, seq

105.3 SQL data management (LCN-13 CTL-9)

Use of basic SQL commands
Perform basic data manipulation
Terms: insert, update, select, delete, from, where, group by, order by, join

106 User Interfaces and Desktops 8%

106.1 Install and configure X11 (LCN-14 CTL-6)

Verify that the video card and monitor are supported by an X server
Awareness of the X font server
Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file
Terms: /etc/X11/xorg.conf, xhost, DISPLAY, xwininfo, xdpyinfo, X

106.2 Setup a display manager (LCN-14 CTL-6)

Turn the display manager on or off
Change the display manager greeting
Change default color depth for the display manager
Configure display managers for use by X-stations
Terms: /etc/inittab; plus xdm, kdm, and gdm configuration files

106.3 Accessibility (LCN-14 CTL-6)

Keyboard Accessibility Settings (AccessX)
Visual Settings and Themes
Assistive Technology (ATs)
Terms: Sticky/Repeat Keys, Slow/Bounce/Toggle Keys, Mouse Keys, High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes, Screen Reader, Braille Display, Screen Magnifier, On-Screen Keyboard, Gestures (used at login, for example gdm), Orca, GOK, emacspeak

107 Administrative Tasks 20%

107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files (LCN-15 CTL-7)

Add, modify and remove users and groups
Manage user/group info in password/group databases
Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts
Terms: /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/group, /etc/skel, chage, groupadd, groupdel, groupmod, passwd, useradd, userdel, usermod

107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs (LCN-15 CTL-9)

Manage cron and at jobs
Configure user access to cron and at services
Terms: /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}, /etc/at.deny, /etc/at.allow, /etc/crontab, /etc/cron.allow, /etc/cron.deny, /var/spool/cron/*, crontab, at, atq, atrm

107.3 Localization and internationalization (LCN-15 CTL-6)

Locale settings
Timezone settings
Terms: /etc/timezone, /etc/localtime, /usr/share/zoneinfo, environment variables (LC_*, LC_ALL, LANG, TZ), /usr/bin/locale, tzselect, tzconfig, date, iconv, UTF-8, ISO-8859, ASCII, Unicode

108 Essential System Services 17%

108.1 Maintain system time (LCN-16 CTL-7)

Set the system date and time
Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC
Configure the correct timezone
Basic NTP configuration
Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service
Terms: /usr/share/zoneinfo, /etc/timezone, /etc/localtime, /etc/ntp.conf, date, hwclock, ntpd, ntpdate, pool.ntp.org

108.2 System logging (LCN-16 CTL-7)

Syslog configuration files
syslog standard facilities, priorities and actions
Terms: syslog.conf, syslogd, klogd, logger

108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics (LCN-17 CTL-9)

Create e-mail aliases
Configure e-mail forwarding
Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, qmail, exim) (no configuration)
Terms: ~/.forward, sendmail emulation layer commands, newaliases, mail, mailq, postfix, sendmail, exim, qmail

108.4 Manage printers and printing (LCN-18 CTL-6)

Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers)
Manage user print queues
Troubleshoot general printing problems
Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues
Terms: CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities; /etc/cups; lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

109 Networking Fundamentals 23%

109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols (LCN-19 CTL-8)

Demonstrate an understanding network masks
Knowledge of the differences between private and public “dotted quad” IP-Addresses
Setting a default route
Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 119, 139, 143, 161, 443, 465, 993, 995)
Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP
Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPV6
Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6
Terms: /etc/services, ftp, telnet, host, ping, dig, traceroute, tracepath

109.2 Basic network configuration (LCN-20 CTL-8)

Manually and automatically configure network interfaces
Basic TCP/IP host configuration
Terms: /etc/hostname, /etc/hosts, /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/nsswitch.conf, ifconfig, ifup, ifdown, route, ping

109.3 Basic network troubleshooting (LCN-21 CTL-8)

Manually and automatically configure network interfaces and routing tables
Including adding, starting, stopping, restarting, deleting or reconfiguring network interfaces
Change, view or configure the routing table and correct an improperly set default route manually
Debug problems associated with the network configuration
Terms: ifconfig, ifup, ifdown, route, host, hostname, dig, netstat, ping, traceroute

109.4 Configure client side DNS (LCN-20 CTL-8)

Demonstrate the use of DNS on the local system
Modify the order in which name resolution is done
Terms: /etc/hosts, /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/nsswitch.conf

110 Security 15%

110.1 Perform security administration tasks (LCN-22 CTL-10)

Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set
Set or change user passwords and password aging information
Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system
Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage
Basic sudo configuration and usage
Terms: find, passwd, lsof, nmap, chage, netstat, sudo, /etc/sudoers, su, usermod, ulimit

110.2 Setup host security (LCN-23 CTL-10)

Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work
Turn off network services not in use
Understand the role of TCP wrappers
Terms: /etc/nologin, /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/xinetd.d/*, /etc/xinetd.conf, /etc/inetd.d/*, /etc/inetd.conf, /etc/inittab, /etc/init.d/*, /etc/hosts.allow, /etc/hosts.deny

110.3 Securing data with encryption (LCN-24 CTL-10)

Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage
Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys
Perform basic GnuPG configuration and usage
Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels)
Terms: ssh, ssh-keygen, ssh-agent, ssh-add, ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub, ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub, /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub, /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub, ~/.ssh/authorized_keys, /etc/ssh_known_hosts, gpg, ~/.gnupg/*

Table of Contents

LPIC-1 / Linux+ Cheat Sheet

LX0-101

101 System Architecture 14%

101.1 Determine and Configure hardware settings (LCN-3 CTL-3)

Notes

101.2 Boot the System (LCN-4 CTL-5)

Notes

101.3 Change runlevels and shutdown or reboot system (LCN-4 CTL-5)

Notes

102 Installation and Package Management 18%

102.1 Design hard disk layout (LCN-5 CTL-3)

Notes

102.2 Install a boot manager (LCN-5 CTL-5)

Notes

102.3 Manage shared libraries (LCN-5 CTL-2)

Notes

102.4 Use Debian package management (LCN-5 CTL-2)

Notes

102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management (LCN-5 CTL-2)

103 GNU / Unix Commands 43%

103.1 Work on the command line (LCN-6 CTL-1)

103.2 Process text streams using filters (LCN-6 CTL-1)

103.3 Perform basic file management (LCN-6 CTL-4)

103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects (LCN-6 CTL-1)

103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes (LCN-6 CTL-2)

103.6 Modify process execution priorities (LCN-6 CTL-2)

103.7 Search text files using regular expressions (LCN-6 CTL-1)

103.8 Perform basic file editing operations using vi (LCN-6 CTL-5)

104 Devices, Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy 25%

104.1 Create partitions and filesystems (LCN-7 CTL-3)

104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems (LCN-7 CTL-3)

104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems (LCN-7 CTL-3)

104.4 Manage disk quotas (LCN-7 CTL-4)

104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership (LCN-7 CTL-4)

104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links (LCN-7 CTL-4)

104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location (LCN-7 CTL-4)

LX0-102

105 Shells, Scripting and Data Management 17%

105.1 Customize and use the shell environment (LCN-13 CTL-9)

105.2 Customize or write simple scripts (LCN-13 CTL-9)

105.3 SQL data management (LCN-13 CTL-9)

106 User Interfaces and Desktops 8%

106.1 Install and configure X11 (LCN-14 CTL-6)

106.2 Setup a display manager (LCN-14 CTL-6)

106.3 Accessibility (LCN-14 CTL-6)

107 Administrative Tasks 20%

107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files (LCN-15 CTL-7)

107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs (LCN-15 CTL-9)

107.3 Localization and internationalization (LCN-15 CTL-6)

108 Essential System Services 17%

108.1 Maintain system time (LCN-16 CTL-7)

108.2 System logging (LCN-16 CTL-7)

108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics (LCN-17 CTL-9)

108.4 Manage printers and printing (LCN-18 CTL-6)

109 Networking Fundamentals 23%

109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols (LCN-19 CTL-8)

109.2 Basic network configuration (LCN-20 CTL-8)

109.3 Basic network troubleshooting (LCN-21 CTL-8)

109.4 Configure client side DNS (LCN-20 CTL-8)

110 Security 15%

110.1 Perform security administration tasks (LCN-22 CTL-10)

110.2 Setup host security (LCN-23 CTL-10)

110.3 Securing data with encryption (LCN-24 CTL-10)