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--- notes:history [2026/11/02 15:16]
171.236.48.62 old revision restored (2026/08/12 02:00)
+++ notes:history [2026/11/03 05:02] (current)
103.25.220.57 old revision restored (2026/08/03 07:51)
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 Online History sources include
-  * [[ http://www.bartleby.com/86/ | A Short History of the World, HG Wells, 1922 ]]
+  * [[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_universe | Wikipedia History of the Universe ]]
-  * [[http://www.bartleby.com/67 | Encyclopedia of World History, Peter Stearns, 2001]]
-  * [[ http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Astronomy/Short_History_of_the_Universe | A short History of the Universe ]]
   * [[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/origins/universe.html | PBS Nova History of the Universe]]
   * [[ http://www.pbs.org/deepspace/timeline/index.html | PBS Deep Space Timeline]]
-  * [[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_universe || Wikipedia History of the Universe ]]
+  * [[ http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Astronomy/Short_History_of_the_Universe | A short History of the Universe ]]
+  * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_life | Wikipedia History of Life ]]
+  * [[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/link/history.html | PBS History of Life ]]
+  * [[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/index.php | University of California Paleontology Online]]
+  * [[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Earth | Wikipedia History of the Earth]]
+  * [[http://www.bartleby.com/67 | Encyclopedia of World History, Peter Stearns, 2001]]
+  * [[ http://www.bartleby.com/86/ | A Short History of the World, HG Wells, 1922 ]]
 ===== History of The Universe =====
   * 13.7 Billion Years ago - Big Bang
-    * - 10<sup>-32</sup> second - hyper-inflation
+    * - 10<sup>-32</sup> second after Big Bang (abb) - hyper-inflation
     * 10<sup>-32</sup> - 10<sup>-6</sup>second - inflation slows, gravity emerges followed by strong , weak and electromagnetic forces. Matter consists of fundamental particles including quarks, electrons, photons, and neutrinos.
-    * 10<sup>-6</sup> - 1 second - hadrons (protons and neutrons) form
+    * 10<sup>-6</sup> - 1 second abb - hadrons (protons and neutrons) form
-    * 3-20 minutes - deuteron, helium and lithium nuclei form. 3 times as much hydrogen than helium by mass. Only traces of other nuclei.
+    * 3 - 20 minutes abb- deuteron, helium and lithium nuclei form. 3 times as much hydrogen than helium by mass. Only traces of other nuclei.
-    * 300,000 years after big bang - expanding cloud of gas cools enough for electrons to associate with nuclei forming atoms
+    * 300,000 years abb - expanding cloud of gas cools enough for electrons to associate with nuclei forming atoms
-    * .5 - 1 billion years after big bang - earliest stars and galaxies form
+    * .5 - 1 billion years abb - earliest stars and galaxies form
-    * 1 - 3 billion years after big bang - larger galaxies with black holes and quasars at their centre form
+    * 1 - 3 billion years abb - larger galaxies with black holes and quasars at their centre form
-  * 7 - 10 billion years ago - Milky Way galaxy forms
+  * 7 - 10 billion years ago (bya)- Milky Way galaxy forms
-  * 4.5-5 billion years ago - Sun and Earth form
+  * 4.6 bya - Solar System forms
-  * 3.7 billion years ago - first life on Earth
+  * 3.7 bya - first life on Earth
-  * 1.7 billion years ago - multicellular life on Earth
+  * 1.7 bya - multi-cellular life on Earth
   * ---------------------
-  * 3.3 billion years in the future - Milky Way collides with Andromeda
+  * 3.3 billion years from now - Milky Way collides with Andromeda
-  * 6.3 billion years in the future - Sun dies
+  * 6.3 billion years from now - Sun dies
-  * 100 trillion years in the future - Stars have all blown up and collapsed into black holes and neutron stars, or have withered into white dwarfs.
+  * 100 trillion years from now - Stars have all blown up and collapsed into black holes and neutron stars, or have withered into white dwarfs.
-  * 10<sup>37</sup> years in the future - After an epoch of proton decay, the only stellar-like objects remaining are evaporating black holes.
+  * 10<sup>37</sup> years from now - After an epoch of proton decay, the only stellar-like objects remaining are evaporating black holes.
-  * 10<sup>100</sup> years in the future - Black holes have evaporated. Only fundamental particles remain:  photons of colossal wavelength, neutrinos, electrons, and positrons.
+  * 10<sup>100</sup> years from now - Black holes have evaporated. Only fundamental particles remain:  photons of colossal wavelength, neutrinos, electrons, and positrons.
 ===== History of Life =====
+  * Hadean Eon : 4.6 - 3.8 billion years ago (bya)
+    * 4.6 bya - Earth forms
+    * 4.4 bya - Earth's crust forms
+    * 4 bya - Clouds, rain and oceans
+  * Archean Eon : 3.8 - 2.5 bya
+    * 3.8 bya - first life on Earth
+    * 3.5 bya - photosynthesis starts
+  * Proterozoic Eon : 2.5 bya - 550 mya
+    * 2.4 bya - oxygen becomes significant component of the atmosphere
+    * 1 bya - multicellular plants (algae) and animals
+    * 770 - 750 mya - first ice age
+  * before 550 mya is aka the Precambrian Period or Supereon. After 550 mya is aka the Phanerozoic Eon.
+  * **Paleozoic (Primary) Era** : 550 - 250 mya
+    * Cambrian - small shelled animals, corals
+    * Ordovician - starfish, jawless fish
+    * Silurian - land plants, ferns, sharks, fish
+    * Devonian - first tetrapods - evolution of fish onto land
+    * Carboniferous - reptiles, amphibians, spiders, conifers, amniotic eggs (340 mya), synapsids
+    * Permian - more synapsids (proto-mammalian reptiles).
+  * 250 mya - Extinction event, 83% of species die off
+  * 300 mya - 250 mya - last supercontinent Pangaea exists
+  * **Mesozoic (Secondary) Era** : 250 - 65 mya
+    * Triassic - turtles, lizards, dinosaurs, mammals
+    * Extinction event 200 mya allows dinosaurs to start to become dominant. Kills > 50 % of species.
+    * Jurassic - squids, frogs, birds
+    * Cretaceous - more dinosaurs, flowering plants, snakes, modern fish, toothed birds
+  * 65 mya - Meterorite extinction event (off Yucatan peninsula) kills off most large animals
+  * **Cenozoic Era** : 65 mya - present
+    * Tertiary - more mammals, grasses, apes, hominids
+    * Quaternary
+      * Pleistocene (1.8 mya - 8000 ya) - mammoths, Neanderthals
+      * Holocene (8000 ya - now) - modern humans

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