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--- notes:lpic-1_notes [2014/02/09 21:24]
smthng [107 Administrative Tasks 20%]
+++ notes:lpic-1_notes [2014/03/03 01:49] (current)
smthng [102 Installation and Package Management 18%]
@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 ==== 101 System Architecture 14% ====
-===  101.1 Determine and Configure hardware settings (LCN-1 CTL-3) ===
+===  101.1 Determine and Configure hardware settings (LCN-3 CTL-3) ===
   * Enable and disable integrated peripherals
   * Configure systems with or without external peripherals such as keyboards
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
   * Terms: /sys, /proc, /dev, modprobe, lsmod, lspci, lsusb
-===  101.2 Boot the System (LCN-2 CTL-5) ===
+== Notes ==
+  * BIOS - Basic I/O System - systim init, memory testing, low-level system-config, OS boot order (CD, floppy, HD, PXE), internal HW clock
+  * /proc fs is kernel's status repository: interrupts, dma, ioports
+  * Universal Serial Bus (USB)
+    * //lsusb [-t] [-vv] // - t-tree view, vv-very verbose
+    * Open Host Controller Interface (OHCI) - USB 1.1
+    * Universal Host Controller Interface (UHCI) - USB 1.1 - 12 MBps - low+full speed
+    * Enhanced Host Controller Interface (EHCI) - USB 2.0 - 480 MBps - high speed
+    * Extensible Host Controller Interface (XHCI) - USB 3.0 - 4 GBps - super speed
+    * Wireless Host Controller Interface (WHCI) - Wireless USB 1.0 - 480 MBps
+    * Effective speed is lowest speed of device, cable and hub
+    * Classes of USB devices :
+      * Human Interface Device (HID) - Input devices: mice, keyboards, etc.)
+      * Communications device - Modems
+      * Mass storage device - Disk devices, flash readers, etc.
+      * Audio - Sound devices
+      * IrDA - Infrared devices
+      * Printer - Printers and USB-to-parallel cables
+    * Linux kernel supported USB in v2.3.x, backported to 2.2.18
+    * Linux drivers may be host controller drivers (e.g. usb-ohci.o), class drivers (e.g. hid.o, usb-storage.o, printer.o, audio.o) or device-specific drivers
+    * usbcore.o -> host controller driver -> class/device driver
+    * Modularized USB drivers are loaded by the generic /sbin/hotplug kernel support
+  * //lsdev// - shows hardware including IRQ info, I/O ports and DMA channels
+  *  //lspci [-t] [-vv]// - info about system’s PCI buses and installed PCI devices
+  * A module is dynamically linked into the running kernel when it is loaded
+    * //insmod/rmmod// - insert/remove mocule, no dependency checking
+    * //modprobe [-r] [-a] [-t type]// - list, insert or remove modules. Does dependency checking.
+    * //lsmod// - list modules //modinfo module-object-file.o// - info about a module file
+  * sysfs is a RAM-based filesystem derived from ramfs. It provides a means to export kernel data structures to  user space. // mount -t sysfs sysfs /sys//
+  * The udev process uses sysfs info to create dynamic device files as kernel modules are loaded. /etc/udev.d holds rules to be applied when adding or removing a device.
+  * D-Bus is an IPC system that uses sysfs to implement a message bus daemon used for broadcasting system events e.g.“new device added” or “printer queue changed”.
+  * hal was a hw abstraction layer (hw access API) on top of udev using D-Bus. It has been deprecated and rolled into udev and the kernel.
+===  101.2 Boot the System (LCN-4 CTL-5) ===
   * Provide common commands to the boot loader and options to the kernel at boot time
   * Demonstrate knowledge of the boot sequence from BIOS to boot completion
@@ Line 23: / Line 57: @@
   * Terms: /var/log/messages, dmesg, BIOS, bootloader, kernel, init
-=== 101.3 Change runlevels and shutdown or reboot system (LCN-2 CTL-5) ===
+== Notes ==
+  * Boot Loader (LILO or GRUB) launches the linux kernel, passing kernel parameters if needed (/etc/lilo.conf | /boot/grub/menu.lst | /boot/grub/grub.conf)
+  * Module options (as well as aliases and post-install and pre-remove actions) are stored in /etc/modules.conf .
+  * //dmesg// displays kernel messages logged at last system boot.
+  * // /var/log/messages // contains all syslog messages.
+=== 101.3 Change runlevels and shutdown or reboot system (LCN-4 CTL-5) ===
   * Set the default run level
   * Change between run levels including single user mode
@@ Line 32: / Line 72: @@
   * Terms: /etc/inittab, shutdown, init, /etc/init.d, telinit
+== Notes ==
+  * When linux boots, first process is the //init// process which selects and switches to default runlevel.
+  * Runlevels - 0=shutdown, 1/s/S=single-user_maintenance, 2=multi-user, 3=multi-user_no-X, 5=multi-user_with-X 6=reboot
+  * On Debian, 2 is default and 3,5 are not used. On Redhat, 3 is the default.
+  * /etc/rc script to change runlevels on redhat (also init/telinit script)
+  * /etc/rc.sysinit (Redhat) or /etc/init.d/rcS (Debian) - system init script launched by init before system daemons
+  * /etc/rc.local- local startup actions called at end of startup
+  * /etc/init.d contains startup/shutdown scripts for all system services
+  * /etc/rc0.d - /etc/rc6.d contain softlinks KNNservice or SNNservice specifying whether to start or stop services and in what order for that runlevel (done by init process). Kills done before starts.
+  * /etc/inittab contains "id:N:initdefault:" for default runlevel N
+  * //runlevel// shows current and previous runlevel
+  * //shutdown [options] time [warning message]//  - -f=fastboot -h=halt -r=reboot -F=force-startup-checks -k=just-send-warning . Time is "now" or "+N" in N minutes or absolute time e.g. 23:58.
 ==== 102 Installation and Package Management 18% ====
-=== 102.1 Design hard disk layout (Chapter 3) ===
+=== 102.1 Design hard disk layout (LCN-5 CTL-3) ===
   * Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks
   * Tailor the design to the intended use of the system
@@ Line 41: / Line 93: @@
   * Terms: / (root) filesystem, /var filesystem, /home filesystem, swap space, mount points, partitions
-=== 102.2 Install a boot manager (Chapter 5) ===
+==Notes==
+  * choosing a disk layout for linux depends on amount of disk space, purpose of the system, size of the system and backup strategy. Some general guidelines are
+    * If diskspace is limited, just /boot, / and /swap
+    * /boot is a separate 50MB partition because older kernels/BIOS require kernels under a 1024 cylinder limit.
+    * For larger systems keep / smaller/simpler to reduce risk of corruption.
+    * Can use separate partitions for /var (to isolate system logs), /tmp (to isolate tempfiles), /home (for backup and RAIDing of user's data)
+    * Using a separate partition for /usr allows it to be shared via read-only NFS which allows for saving space and easier maintenance of apps/updates.
+  * Superblock on filesystem contains critical metadata so multiple redundant copies are kept.
+  * Filesystems must be mounted (listed in filesystem table) before being accessible. /etc/fstab is a list of filesystems to mount on boot up.
+  * Master Boot Record on first 512 bytes of first sector of disk contains info on partitions and bootup. Can be backed up and restored with <code>
+dd if=/dev/hda of=~/mbr.txt count=1 bs=512
+dd if=~/mbr.txt of=/dev/hda count=1 bs=512
+</code>
+  * To backup/restore just the partition layout, use sfdisk <code>
+sfdisk -d /dev/hda > partition_backup.txt
+sfdisk /dev/hda < partition_backup.txt
+</code>
+  * Linux may also be booted from Live USB which allows for persistent modifications. If the BIOS does nto support this, a bootable CD can be used first.
+  * Swap space allows main memory to be temporarily copied to disk. As a starting point set swap to twice the memory size (at least the same size).
+=== 102.2 Install a boot manager (LCN-5 CTL-5) ===
   * Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options
   * Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy
@@ Line 48: / Line 121: @@
   * Terms: /boot/grub/menu.lst, grub.cfg and other variations, grub-install, MBR, superblock
-=== 102.3 Manage shared libraries (Chapter 2) ===
+==Notes==
+  * BIOS looks for and runs boot loader from first specified boot device.
+  * Boot loader find and loads specified kernel (with specified kernel options) which loads required modules and starts system processes.
+  * LILO is a 2-stage program
+    * First stage is in 512-byte MBR or in the boot sector of a partition (if it is a secondary boot loader).
+    * Second stage is in /boot/boot.b .
+    * Map file locating kernel is in /boot/map
+    * //lilo// command reads /etc/lilo.conf which contains kernel image locations, kernel options, the default boot disk etc. It encodes this information along with physical disk information and writes it into the boot files (MBR/boot-sector, boot.b and map).
+  * GRUB is a multi-stage boot loader, more flexible than LILO.
+    * Changes take effect immediately.
+    * (hd0,1) -> 2nd partition on the 1st hard disk. Refers only to the order of the disks as seen by the BIOS so order may change if BIOS boot order is changed.
+    * //grub-install// writes to MBR/boot sector. Uses/boot/grub/device.map to map BIOS drives to Linux devices e.g. "(hd0)   /dev/sda".
+    * Grub command-line expects a specific order of commands to boot kernel <code>grub> root (hd0,0)
+grub> kernel /vmlinuz-2.4.18-14 ro root=/dev/hda2
+grub> initrd /initrd-2.4.18-14.img  [optional]
+grub> boot</code>
+=== 102.3 Manage shared libraries (LCN-5 CTL-2) ===
   * Identify shared libraries
   * Identify the typical locations of system libraries
@@ Line 54: / Line 144: @@
   * Terms: ldd, ldconfig, /etc/ld.so.conf, LD_LIBRARY_PATH
-=== 102.4 Use Debian package management (Chapter 2) ===
+==Notes==
+  * Most programs on Linux use common system libraries.
+  * These can be statically linked into the program at compile-time - more disk, more memory, slower.
+  * Or can be dynamically loaded at runtime (shared libraries) - shared memory, smaller disksize, faster.
+  * //ldd// can be used to display required shared libraries for an executable
+  * Dynamically linked executables are examined at runtime by the shared object dynamic linker, //ld.so//
+  * //ldconfig// reloads shared library paths from /etc/ld.so.conf to update binary cache /etc/ld.so.cache
+  * $LD_LIBRARY_PATH env variable can also be used
+=== 102.4 Use Debian package management (LCN-5 CTL-2) ===
   * Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages
   * Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed
@@ Line 60: / Line 159: @@
   * Terms: /etc/apt/sources.list, dpkg, dpkg-reconfigure, apt-get, apt-cache, aptitude
-=== 102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management (Chapter 2) ===
+==Notes==
+  * .deb package names - pkgname_version-revision_arch.deb . version is typically major.minor.patchlevel e.g ncurses4_4.2.3-9_i386.deb
+  * //dpkg// operates directly on //.deb// packages
+    * uses /var/lib/dpkg/[available|status] files to store metadata
+    * -i=install -r=remove --purge=purge
+    * -E=do not overwrite with same version or older
+    * -G=do not overwrite with older package version
+    * -l=list matching installed packages -L=list files from package
+    * -s=status of package -S=search for file in installed packages
+  * //apt-get// uses package names and sources and resolves dependencies
+    * -d=download only -s=simulate -y=assume yes
+    * install, remove, update (sources), upgrade (all packages), dist-upgrade (to new OS version)
+    * uses /etc/apt/sources.list. Lines look like <code> deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free</code>
+  * //dselect// is a menu-based interface to //dpkg//
+  * //alien// converts other package types to .deb packages (or to rpm with -r) e.g. Slackware/generic tarball, RPM . //alien -i x.rpm//
+=== 102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management (LCN-5 CTL-2) ===
   * Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM and YUM
   * Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures
   * Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from
   * Terms: rpm, rpm2cpio, /etc/yum.conf, /etc/yum.repos.d/, yum, yumdownloader
+==== 103 GNU / Unix Commands 43%   ====
-==== 103 GNU / Unix Commands	43%   ====
+=== 103.1 Work on the command line (LCN-6 CTL-1) ===
-=== 103.1 Work on the command line (Chapter 1) ===
   * Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line
   * Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables
@@ Line 75: / Line 189: @@
   * Terms: ., bash, echo, env, exec, export, pwd, set, unset, man, uname, history
-=== 103.2 Process text streams using filters (Chapter 1) ===
+=== 103.2 Process text streams using filters (LCN-6 CTL-1) ===
   * Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output
   * Using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package
   * Terms: cat, cut, expand, fmt, head, od, join, nl, paste, pr, sed, sort, split, tail, tr, unexpand, uniq, wc
-=== 103.3 Perform basic file management (Chapter 4) ===
+=== 103.3 Perform basic file management (LCN-6 CTL-4) ===
   * Copy, move and remove files and directories individually
   * Copy multiple files and directories recursively
@@ Line 89: / Line 203: @@
   * Terms: cp, find, mkdir, mv, ls, rm, rmdir, touch, tar, cpio, dd, file, gzip, gunzip, bzip2, file globbing
-=== 103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects (Chapter 1) ===
+=== 103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects (LCN-6 CTL-1) ===
   * Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error
   * Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command
@@ Line 96: / Line 210: @@
   * Terms: tee, xargs
-=== 103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes (Chapter 2) ===
+=== 103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes (LCN-6 CTL-2) ===
   * Run jobs in the foreground and background
   * Signal a program to continue running after logout
@@ Line 104: / Line 218: @@
   * Terms: &, bg, fg, jobs, kill, nohup, ps, top, free, uptime, killall
-=== 103.6 Modify process execution priorities (Chapter 2) ===
+=== 103.6 Modify process execution priorities (LCN-6 CTL-2) ===
   * Know the default priority of a job that is created
   * Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default
@@ Line 110: / Line 224: @@
   * Terms: nice, ps, renice, top
-=== 103.7 Search text files using regular expressions (Chapter 1) ===
+=== 103.7 Search text files using regular expressions (LCN-6 CTL-1) ===
   * Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements
   * Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content
   * The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities: grep, egrep, fgrep, sed, regex(7)
-=== 103.8 Perform basic file editing operations using vi (Chapter 5) ===
+=== 103.8 Perform basic file editing operations using vi (LCN-6 CTL-5) ===
   * Navigate a document using vi
   * Use basic vi modes
@@ Line 123: / Line 237: @@
 ====  104 Devices, Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy 25% ====
-=== 104.1 Create partitions and filesystems (Chapter 3) ===
+=== 104.1 Create partitions and filesystems (LCN-7 CTL-3) ===
   * Use various mkfs commands to set up partitions and create various filesystems such as: ext2, ext3, xfs, reiserfs v3, vfat
   * Terms: fdisk, mkfs, mkswap
-=== 104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems (Chapter 3) ===
+=== 104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems (LCN-7 CTL-3) ===
   * Verify the integrity of filesystems
   * Monitor free space and inodes
@@ Line 133: / Line 247: @@
   * Terms: du, df, fsck, e2fsck, mke2fs, debugfs, dumpe2fs, tune2fs, xfs tools (such as xfs_metadump and xfs_info)
-=== 104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems (Chapter 3) ===
+=== 104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems (LCN-7 CTL-3) ===
   * Manually mount and unmount filesystems
   * Configure filesystem mounting on bootup
@@ Line 139: / Line 253: @@
   * Terms: /etc/fstab, /media, mount, umount
-=== 104.4 Manage disk quotas (Chapter 4) ===
+=== 104.4 Manage disk quotas (LCN-7 CTL-4) ===
   * Set up a disk quota for a filesystem
   * Edit, check and generate user quota reports
   * Terms: quota, edquota, repquota, quotation
-=== 104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership (Chapter 4) ===
+=== 104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership (LCN-7 CTL-4) ===
   * Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories
   * Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security
@@ Line 151: / Line 265: @@
   * Terms: chmod, umask, chown, chgrp
-=== 104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links (Chapter 4) ===
+=== 104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links (LCN-7 CTL-4) ===
   * Create links
   * Identify hard and/or soft links
@@ Line 158: / Line 272: @@
   * Terms: ln
-=== 104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location (Chapter 4) ===
+=== 104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location (LCN-7 CTL-4) ===
   * Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS
   * Find files and commands on a Linux system
@@ Line 168: / Line 282: @@
 ==== 105 Shells, Scripting and Data Management 17%  ====
-=== 105.1 Customize and use the shell environment (Chapter 9) ===
+=== 105.1 Customize and use the shell environment (LCN-13 CTL-9) ===
   * Set environment variables (e.g., PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell
   * Write BASH functions for frequently used sequences of commands
@@ Line 175: / Line 289: @@
   * Terms: /etc/profile, env, export, set, unset, ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, ~/.profile, ~/.bashrc, ~/.bash_logout, function, alias, lists
-=== 105.2 Customize or write simple scripts (Chapter 9) ===
+=== 105.2 Customize or write simple scripts (LCN-13 CTL-9) ===
   * Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests)
   * Use command substitution
@@ Line 184: / Line 298: @@
   * Terms: for, while, test, if, read, seq
-=== 105.3 SQL data management (Chapter 9) ===
+=== 105.3 SQL data management (LCN-13 CTL-9) ===
   * Use of basic SQL commands
   * Perform basic data manipulation
@@ Line 191: / Line 305: @@
 ==== 106 User Interfaces and Desktops 8% ====
-=== 106.1 Install and configure X11 (Chapter 6) ===
+=== 106.1 Install and configure X11 (LCN-14 CTL-6) ===
   * Verify that the video card and monitor are supported by an X server
   * Awareness of the X font server
@@ Line 197: / Line 311: @@
   * Terms: /etc/X11/xorg.conf, xhost, DISPLAY, xwininfo, xdpyinfo, X
-=== 106.2 Setup a display manager (Chapter 6) ===
+=== 106.2 Setup a display manager (LCN-14 CTL-6) ===
   * Turn the display manager on or off
   * Change the display manager greeting
@@ Line 204: / Line 318: @@
   * Terms: /etc/inittab; plus xdm, kdm, and gdm configuration files
-=== 106.3 Accessibility (Chapter 6) ===
+=== 106.3 Accessibility (LCN-14 CTL-6) ===
   * Keyboard Accessibility Settings (AccessX)
   * Visual Settings and Themes
   * Assistive Technology (ATs)
   * Terms: Sticky/Repeat Keys, Slow/Bounce/Toggle Keys, Mouse Keys, High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes, Screen Reader, Braille Display, Screen Magnifier, On-Screen Keyboard, Gestures (used at login, for example gdm), Orca, GOK, emacspeak
 ==== 107 Administrative Tasks 20% ====
-=== 107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files (Chapter 7) ===
+=== 107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files (LCN-15 CTL-7) ===
   * Add, modify and remove users and groups
   * Manage user/group info in password/group databases
@@ Line 217: / Line 332: @@
   * Terms: /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/group, /etc/skel, chage, groupadd, groupdel, groupmod, passwd, useradd, userdel, usermod
-=== 107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs (Chapter 9) ===
+=== 107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs (LCN-15 CTL-9) ===
   * Manage cron and at jobs
   * Configure user access to cron and at services
   * Terms: /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}, /etc/at.deny, /etc/at.allow, /etc/crontab, /etc/cron.allow, /etc/cron.deny, /var/spool/cron/*, crontab, at, atq, atrm
-=== 107.3 Localization and internationalization (Chapter 6) ===
+=== 107.3 Localization and internationalization (LCN-15 CTL-6) ===
   * Locale settings
   * Timezone settings
-  * Terms: /etc/timezone, /etc/localtime, /usr/share/zoneinfo, environment variables (LC_*, LC_ALL, LANG, TZ), /usr/bin/locale, tzselect,
+  * Terms: /etc/timezone, /etc/localtime, /usr/share/zoneinfo, environment variables (LC_*, LC_ALL, LANG, TZ), /usr/bin/locale, tzselect, tzconfig, date, iconv, UTF-8, ISO-8859, ASCII, Unicode
-The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities: /etc/timezone, /etc/localtime, /usr/share/zoneinfo, environment variables (LC_*, LC_ALL, LANG, TZ), /usr/bin/locale, tzselect, tzconfig, date, iconv, UTF-8, ISO-8859, ASCII, Unicode
 ==== 108 Essential System Services 17% ====
+=== 108.1 Maintain system time (LCN-16 CTL-7) ===
+  * Set the system date and time
+  * Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC
+  * Configure the correct timezone
+  * Basic NTP configuration
+  * Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service
+  * Terms: /usr/share/zoneinfo, /etc/timezone, /etc/localtime, /etc/ntp.conf, date, hwclock, ntpd, ntpdate, pool.ntp.org
+=== 108.2 System logging (LCN-16 CTL-7) ===
+  * Syslog configuration files
+  * syslog standard facilities, priorities and actions
+  * Terms: syslog.conf, syslogd, klogd, logger
+=== 108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics (LCN-17 CTL-9) ===
+  * Create e-mail aliases
+  * Configure e-mail forwarding
+  * Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, qmail, exim) (no configuration)
+  * Terms: ~/.forward, sendmail emulation layer commands, newaliases, mail, mailq, postfix, sendmail, exim, qmail
+=== 108.4 Manage printers and printing (LCN-18 CTL-6) ===
+  * Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers)
+  * Manage user print queues
+  * Troubleshoot general printing problems
+  * Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues
+  * Terms: CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities; /etc/cups; lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)
 ==== 109 Networking Fundamentals 23% ====
+=== 109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols (LCN-19 CTL-8) ===
+  * Demonstrate an understanding network masks
+  * Knowledge of the differences between private and public “dotted quad” IP-Addresses
+  * Setting a default route
+  * Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 119, 139, 143, 161, 443, 465, 993, 995)
+  * Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP
+  * Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPV6
+  * Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6
+  * Terms: /etc/services, ftp, telnet, host, ping, dig, traceroute, tracepath
+=== 109.2 Basic network configuration (LCN-20 CTL-8) ===
+  * Manually and automatically configure network interfaces
+  * Basic TCP/IP host configuration
+  * Terms: /etc/hostname, /etc/hosts, /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/nsswitch.conf, ifconfig, ifup, ifdown, route, ping
+=== 109.3 Basic network troubleshooting (LCN-21 CTL-8) ===
+  * Manually and automatically configure network interfaces and routing tables
+  * Including adding, starting, stopping, restarting, deleting or reconfiguring network interfaces
+  * Change, view or configure the routing table and correct an improperly set default route manually
+  * Debug problems associated with the network configuration
+  * Terms: ifconfig, ifup, ifdown, route, host, hostname, dig, netstat, ping, traceroute
+=== 109.4 Configure client side DNS (LCN-20 CTL-8) ===
+  * Demonstrate the use of DNS on the local system
+  * Modify the order in which name resolution is done
+  * Terms: /etc/hosts, /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/nsswitch.conf
 ==== 110 Security 15% ====
+=== 110.1 Perform security administration tasks (LCN-22 CTL-10) ===
+  * Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set
+  * Set or change user passwords and password aging information
+  * Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system
+  * Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage
+  * Basic sudo configuration and usage
+  * Terms: find, passwd, lsof, nmap, chage, netstat, sudo, /etc/sudoers, su, usermod, ulimit
+=== 110.2 Setup host security (LCN-23 CTL-10) ===
+  * Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work
+  * Turn off network services not in use
+  * Understand the role of TCP wrappers
+  * Terms: /etc/nologin, /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/xinetd.d/*, /etc/xinetd.conf, /etc/inetd.d/*, /etc/inetd.conf, /etc/inittab, /etc/init.d/*, /etc/hosts.allow, /etc/hosts.deny
+=== 110.3 Securing data with encryption (LCN-24 CTL-10) ===
+  * Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage
+  * Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys
+  * Perform basic GnuPG configuration and usage
+  * Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels)
+  * Terms: ssh, ssh-keygen, ssh-agent, ssh-add, ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub, ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub, /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub, /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub, ~/.ssh/authorized_keys, /etc/ssh_known_hosts, gpg, ~/.gnupg/*